![]() For instance, in the South Asian region of Kashmir, there is an ongoing dispute over where the intersecting borders of India, Pakistan, and China are located because these three powerful nations have overlapping claims to territory. While the Peace of Westphalia established international norms for modern states, there are plenty of places around the world where conflict over territory is active. A government cannot effectively govern a region in which its authority is disputed. It is important for territories to be defined to prevent conflict over where one country's sovereignty and rule of law ends and another's begins. ![]() The foundations of the modern state system included territoriality because it helped to solve the issue of states competing for territory. ![]() The peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War between the warring powers of Europe laid the foundations for the modern state system (Westphalian sovereignty). In 1648, territoriality was enshrined in the modern world through two treaties called the Peace of Westphalia. The state would collapse or be conflict-ridden otherwise if it does not possess the power to be the sole source of authority within a territory. The survival of a state depends on the ability to control their territory. Yet, the United States lacks the authority to rule over the Himalayas because these do not fall within the identifiable borders of the United States. In the States, the federal government has legal jurisdiction to rule and control the entire territory of the nation from sea to shining sea. These organizations offer forums for governments to interact about global issues, but their legal jurisdiction is limited. International organizations such as the International Criminal Court of Justice also lack the ability to enforce laws within state territories. Other governments do not have the right to enforce laws in territories in which they lack authority. The enforcement of criminal laws can include the right to arrest individuals and then prosecute them for crimes committed within the territory. Because countries have sovereignty over their territory, governments can adopt, enact, and enforce criminal laws within their territory.
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