Entering the new serial number will convert the trial version to a “normal” version of the software. If you purchase CS4, though, you don’t need to reinstall anything. Limit yourself to using the File > Open menu in CS3 versions to avoid unwanted conversions, or right-clicking on files in order to use the Open With command.Īs usual, 30 days after you install the trial versions, they’ll refuse to run until you enter a serial number and activate it. However, if it’s a production (as opposed to testing) machine, you might need to adjust the way you open files, since most Mac and Windows machines will assume anything you double-click on should be opened in the latest version of the program you have installed. Download Adobe InDesign 2022 for Mac MacUpdate Home Graphic Design Adobe InDesign 2022 Adobe InDesign 2022 Version 18.0 Professional print and digital publishing solution. It’s safe to install either or both InCopy CS4/InDesign CS4 on the same machine running the CS3 version - CS3 will continue to function normally. Enter your Adobe ID if necessary, and you’ll be brought here: Inexplicably, InCopy CS4 is not a “featured product” on the trial downloads page … heh … so you’ll have to scroll past the image links and select the product name from the dropdown menu on the same page. They’re available for both Macintosh and Windows platforms, in English and other localized language versions. Adobe Indesign Cs4 Classroom in a Book: The Official Training Workbook from Adboe Systems Adobe Creative Team on . By downloading Adobe Illustrator CS4, you get a full-featured vector graphics editor, capable of becoming a winner in Illustrator vs Photoshop battle. The 30-day trial version of Adobe Creative Cloud offers 2GB of cloud storage and limited access to services. Want to see if the InDesign/InCopy CS4 workflow will work for you? You can now download fully-enabled trial versions of each CS4 program from Adobe’s web site.
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7/24/2023 0 Comments Golden spike sesquicentennialOver the course of a century and a half, this photo has been framed by historians, scholars and educators to capture the entire narrative of the construction of the nation’s first transcontinental railroad. Russell’s “East and West Shaking Hands at Laying of the Last Rail,” commonly known as “The Champagne Photo”. Shortly thereafter, this singular moment in time was memorialized by Andrew J. On May 10, 1869, a Golden Spike was ceremoniously driven into a polished laurel tie at Promontory Summit, Utah linking two great oceans, uniting a Civil War-torn nation and propelling America to become a world industrial leader. THE SPIKE150 LEGACY SELECTION COMMITTEE STATEMENT The Spike 150 Legacy Selection Committee seeks an artist(s) to take the singular point of time of the driving of the Golden Spike and extend the visual and time panorama to include and honor all of the railroad workers from many different cultures and backgrounds whose backbreaking efforts were crucial in the awe-inspiring construction of the nation’s first transcontinental railroad measuring 1776 miles of track. This project has been initiated by the Spike 150 Commission to commission an artist’s vision to include and honor the voices of the diverse communities that labored on and were impacted by the driving of the Golden Spike and the creation of the Transcontinental Railroad. After all, I’m not as tough as nails.Ĭhuck Fulkerson, ’70, lives in Newtown, Conn. With an extra dose of caution, I kept the final spikes away from my mouth. It was months before I had the energy to finish building my railroad. As for mine, I couldn’t care less what happened to it. Leland Stanford’s spike is engraved with his name and resides in the Cantor Arts Center. Six months later, I’m fine-and I might even become infamous: My surgeon is writing an article about my operation for a medical journal. Gangrene and emerging sepsis complicated my recovery. He eventually extracted the tiny invader through an incision in my navel. He discovered that the spike I’d swallowed was trapped in my appendix and had perforated it. The appendectomy took the surgeon twice as long as he’d expected. If you’re going to swallow a nail, the smaller the better, right? Not in my case. It was after midnight when the abdominal surgeon arrived. If you’re going to swallow a nail, the smaller the better, right?Īn ER physician speculated that I had acute appendicitis, and an X-ray confirmed the presence of a foreign object. Paula followed me home and called my sister, Mary, a nurse. In too much pain to finish, I left for home and headed toward the sofa. I was at a nearby bar, enjoying a glass of wine with my friend Paula. The tech asked me to schedule an X-ray to see what the artifact was. Up until then, I had attributed reoccurring episodes of nausea and stomach pain to having eaten expired sour cream or salsa. Recalling my Stanford days in archaeology, I joked, “An arrowhead in my belly?” The tech deadpanned, “In medicine, an artifact is a foreign object that doesn’t belong in you.” “You’ve got an artifact in your gut,” he said. Months later, I was in the middle of having a routine MRI when the technician brought the machine to a halt. As far as I knew, I’d driven all the nails I’d mouthed into my railbed. In the absence of a third hand, it’s the most convenient place to stash them. Like carpenters, model makers routinely hold their next-up nails firmly between their lips. They were also minuscule and easy to misplace. Stanford’s spike was 17.6-karat gold and symbolic mine were steel and sword-sharp. I’d made plenty of model railroads, but this layout was my tiniest yet-220 times smaller than the real thing. But before I could drive home my final spike, disaster struck. To commemorate the sesquicentennial of Stanford’s swing-and-miss, I’d been building my own model of that railroad. As the story goes, he raised his silver-plated maul, brought it down-and missed, striking the railroad tie. On May 10, 1869, Leland Stanford stepped up to the Golden Spike, the final link in the United States’ first transcontinental railroad. Second, how much do others charge for similar services at your level of expertise and experience? This question can be a little difficult to answer, but you can just ask. So, your hourly or project rate needs to be a little higher to make up for the unpaid work that is part of every freelancer's life. Keep in mind that you won't get paid for some of the things you must do, such as preparing your taxes, looking for more customers, and weekly admin work. Let's think about this from a few different perspectives:įirst, how much do you want/need to earn? You should create your rates to reflect what you need to earn. We want to help freelancers, so we're going to give you some general tips here about settling on the best amount to charge clients for your services. Knowing how much to charge for your work is a complicated area. Experience level is the most important factor in determining the best hourly rate to charge. Upwork's average rate is $25 per hour, while graphic designers who generate their own lead charge more per hour. Most graphic designers charge between $25-$75 for their work. That's it! Those are the basics of how to bill someone for your work. If you don't have an invoice, you can use Indy's invoice generator to create a professional invoice in just a few moments. Once you finish the work or pass the milestone, send the client an invoice.If you don't have a contract, use Indy's Contracts tool to create one before you start work. You should set out your billing and payment terms in your contract.This protects you from shady clients and sets you up for cash flow success. Many freelancers take a deposit at the beginning of the project.Once the client approves the final proof, send them the bill. Billing by the project is very common for graphic designers.Set some milestones, such as the delivery of first proofs, and send an invoice when those milestones happen. Milestone billing is useful for larger projects that will take place over several weeks or months.You can even add your time tracks to your invoices as line items. Hourly billing is really common and you can use Indy's Time Tracker to track your hours easily.You can bill by the hour, milestone, or project.There are a few things to get right with your billing. You can bill your clients by sending them an invoice. By using a graphic design invoice template, you can save time, create cohesive and visually appealing invoices, and present your business in a polished and organized manner. The template provides a structured format for including all the necessary details, such as itemized services, rates, and totals, making it easier for clients to understand and process the invoice. With a customized invoice template, you can add your business logo, ensuring that each invoice carries your unique branding, further enhancing your professional image. The template allows you to keep all your invoices in one place, making it easier to track and manage your billing. By utilizing a professional-looking invoice template specifically designed for graphic design services, you can create visually appealing and consistent invoices that reflect your professionalism and brand identity. Connecting your invoices to a payment system and bank account will help you keep track of paid and unpaid bills easily.Ī graphic design invoice template offers numerous benefits for managing your graphic design invoices and streamlining your invoicing process. Whatever services you are billing your clients for, using a single form of billing will make life simpler. You can use your graphic design invoice to bill clients for many services, such as: Overlord, make sure your invoice looks good because it reflects on your work. Select which payment methods you accept on your invoice and invite your customers to choose the payment method that's best for them. A well-designed invoice leads to fewer questions about amounts, payments, and deadlines.Īccepting multiple forms of payment is easier now than ever before. They can easily see the services and products they are paying for and when the payment is due. Sending a complete and clear invoice puts your clients at ease because they know they're dealing with a professional. You'll use your invoice to get paid for your graphic design work. 7/24/2023 0 Comments Roblox voice chat games 2020Numbers of free local live online chat rooms for your phone There are a lot of ways to find and meet strangers, but YesIChat could be one of your best choice. Meeting up new people and being friends with them is easy now, you can exchange pictures, share your favorite videos, instantly. We here have kept a consideration of everything that you needed to conduct a successful conversation. To start chatting any user is required to only choose a nickname and click Start Chatting Now to chat as guest without having to register. You got it right, YesIChat does not require you to login or sign up with your email or phone number. Talking to a stranger can be of great value and a good way to pass your time with not requiring you to login or sign up. At the free chat rooms you get to meet up with users or strangers from USA, UK, Asia, Australia, Spain, Puerto Rico and other countries. Our chatting website provides you with costless access to free random chatrooms to meet up with random boys or girls. Try online chatting with randoms using the random chat rooms feature. We also keep your notified through push notifications so you never miss the chance to chat.įree online chat rooms for all groups of people => Men, Women, teens, boys and girls We also show you contact suggestions other than just letting you do random chat to extend the possibilities of future conversations Often a completely random conversation ends at hi and asl and so it was necessary to develop a rather better approach of connecting people. What led us to this decision is the significance of building conversations based on interests rather than starting a completely random conversation where a user is not sure about what to do first. We have taken steps to introduce automatic interests based on a user's landing page supposing that they had searched for something similar. The motive of this new concept we call random chat is to allow every user to have a partner to make their online chatting worthwhile. We believe atleast "What brings you here?" will let them begin their first conversation. Thus, we invested time to bring a new approach that would instantly connect any user that joins yesichat to another user who is not sure of how to begin the chat or on what topic. Since picking up on an existing conversation may not always be so easy for everyone and we finally understood the intensity of this situation. To get a reply in the first place from a user on other end seemed to make some users struggle. We do acknowledge the importance of previously introduced group chat rooms, they give a new face to the concept of chatting too but the downside of the previous approach was that not every user that attended the chat would get a chance to engage in an active/existing conversation. We recently introduced an algorithm to allow every user that visits the site find someone to chat with. Yesichat keeps evolving to provide its users with the nicest chatting experience possible. What else? Are you looking to chat with strangers near you? Try yesichat for free. Any user can use it to talk with strangers randomly. YesIChat doesn't ask you for a phone number. You can chat with strangers, talk in private chats, send videos and pictures without spending a penny, all for free. Private chatting unlike other chat rooms website is a basic feature of YesIChat. It is a free chat app and is available to everyone. YesIChat lets you join a number of chat rooms based on region and interests from around the world. You do one click to chat as guest(without registering), the process is really very minimal. YesIChat is one of the coolest chat sites to meet new people online randomly without having to register. 7/24/2023 0 Comments Chevy cateye front winch bumperAll sensor testing is done on lifted trucksĢ-piece mounting system with adjustability to allow a “custom” fit NOTEĪll 2022 Denali trim packages are not compatible with full grill guard. Grille guard front bumpers offer exceptional front end protection, beginning with a durable steel base bumper. Take advantage of our extensive image galleries, videos, and staff of truck experts. Sensors may read shackles or hooks protruding from the fairlead. This bumper is designed to be the ultimate in functionally-stylish front end protection while also providing more tire clearance to eliminate rubbing. The perfect Bumpers for your 2022 Chevy Silverado 2500 is waiting for you at RealTruck. Bumpers are available in black powdercoat or a zinc primer coating if you want to paint to match. Winch mount provisions make installation of a front mounted winch an easy direct bolt-in installation and are especially useful for off-road enthusiasts. Additional fog lights can be added to either side cutout. Personalize your 2006-2007 GM 2500HD/3500HD with a wide selection of custom Bumpers from XDP. Side mounting locations for round or cubed LED lights (not included). Designed around the WARN 16.5ti but not limited to that winch Available in either a Full Guard, Pre-runner Guard or No Guard Bumper. Key features include lower mounting sections for additional lighting, D-Ring mounts and ability to accommodate up to 16,500 lb. This bumper is designed to be the ultimate in functionally-stylish front end protection while also providing more tire clearance to eliminate rubbing. Shackle isolators and washers from Daystar help prevent scratches and damage to your freshly powdercoated or painted parts.A new design with the same reputation, the Fab Fours New Premium Winch Bumper focuses on strength, durability, and style with the highest quality in the truck market. Recovery Hooks are available for receiver mounts or shackle bumper tabs. Recovery Shackles can be added to bumpers with shackle tabs and are another option for vehicle retrieval. For those that need a front license plate but still need access to the receiver, flip down license plate mounts are the perfect solution. Ranch Hand protection including running steps, front bumpers, back bumpers, and grille guards specifically designed for the Chevrolet Silverado 1500. Monster Hooks Recovery Hooks are perfect for pulling your vehicle out when you get stuck. See below to find images of each bumper by year. XDP offers all the top bumper brands like Iron Cross Automotive and Hammerhead.ĭon't travel off-road without the necessary equipment such as Recovery Hooks and Recovery Shackles. We have winch and non-winch bumpers for your Chevy 1500 in a number of different styles, providing great protection for your truck. Aftermarket Front Bumpers and Rear Bumpers feature thick plate steel construction and are reinforced for increased strength. The all-aluminum construction weighs just 30 pounds, so there. Rear Bumper Ford 2021-22 Bronco 1,500.00 Introducing the new Aluminess 21+ Ford Bronco rear bumper. I want to replace the faux radiator skid on my 2021 Z71 with a hidden winch bumper like the one from GOFAB. The all-aluminum construction weighs just 50 pounds, so there. 2021 Hidden winch mount bumper 8834 Views 9 Replies 6 Participants Last post by Bonzadelic, 2021RyanZ71 Discussion Starter Available LED lights incorporated in the bumper offer a significant increase in visibility and help light up the trails at night. Front Bumper Ford 2021-22 Bronco 2,000.00 Introducing the new Aluminess 21+ Ford Bronco front bumper. Bumpers are available in black powdercoat or a zinc primer coating if you want to paint to match your vehicle. Personalize your 2006-2007 GM 2500HD/3500HD with a wide selection of custom Bumpers from XDP. 7/24/2023 0 Comments Vlc vs movist macFor example, if the front and rear videos of the car black box are contained in one file, you can see the front and back videos at the same time. You can also select multiple tracks simultaneously for video and audio. Step 3: Select Reset All and confirm your. Step 2: Click the VLC media player at the top-left corner and select Settings. You can also set the different location and style for each languages. Step 1: Open VLC media player app on Mac. You can view subtitles in multiple languages at the same time. You can also restore the last time you played it to watch from there. You can specify your preferred video quality, filters, equalizer, etc. For example, video and audio in Korean, subtitles in English, or you can set not to display subtitles if there's an English audio track. You can specify the default track language. There are many default preferences to apply when you open a media. It supports modern style of macOS including light and dark themes. In addition to all these conveniences, we have added beauty. Movist VLC Media Player Record Audio: Automatic Tagging: Built-in subtitle search: Integrated codecs: Google Drive integration: Lightweight: Multiple languages: Media Streaming: Music Library: Record Tracks: Record videos: 360 Videos: Ad-free: Audio playback: Audio Recording: Sync Audio & Video: Automatic conversion to multiple formats. Move the mouse over the seek-slider to see the thumbnails. The main menu displays various states in real time, and the control panel gives you quick access to all the functions you need. Transparent title-bar and controllers allow you to focus more on your watching experience. The controllers are practical and convenient, as well as appearing only when the mouse pointer is approaching. Winamp is a media player that allows users to play multiple-file formats, arrange media in a varied file-management system, and play unique media with AAC encoding.Movist is a movie player based on QuickTime and FFmpeg. Sayonara is a simple but nice audio player and holds a lot of features like a library, id3 tag. Hi guys Which one do you think is better (Im running Mavericks BTW) Yes, I know about VLC, but I dont like it much. An advanced freeware audio player for the Windows platform. Tags: media-player avi codec ffmpeg quicktime vlc. Discover Movist alternatives, reviews, features and functionalities. Jajuk is software that organizes and plays music using Java. Movist is a simple but powerful player for Mac which distinguishes itself with its high quality capture features. Roon is a music playing application for audiophiles 14:27 PST Movist: The Real Alternative to VLC for Mac By Federico Viticci Yesterday I wrote this post about MPlayer OS X Extended and many people in the comments and on Twitter told me I was wrong, that there was another alternative to VLC, and it wasn’t the app I talked about. What are some alternatives? When comparing Movist and VLC Media Player, you can also consider the following products I think I recommend you to use VLC Media Player without AV1 extension, it just decode. Try accessing it without the 'www' subdomain (). Why Open Source Software VLC's official website has been blocked for over 5 months now? 7/24/2023 0 Comments Petmate automatic litter boxIt comes with a scoop, but the only place to attach it is outside the box. Replacing them will give you an additional expense, of course, but it also ensures that your cats will always have the cleanest possible bathroom to use. The box is made to accommodate reusable liners, which are tear-resistant and capable of lasting up to 3 months. The lid swivels open for easy cleaning, and it’s designed in such a way that any litter on top of the lid will fall back into the box rather than on your carpet. The top-entry construction also greatly reduces litter tracking, so it will cut down on how often you need to vacuum. The Modkat Litter Box Top-Entry Cat Litter Box is a stylish, modern-looking option that won’t detract from your home’s décor. If you truly hate cleaning litter boxes, the PetSafe ScoopFree can take that chore off your plate once and for all. It also requires special litter, which is more expensive and harder to find than the regular stuff. It is expensive, though, so you’ll pay for all that convenience. It comes in both top- or front-loading models, allowing you to pick the style that works best for your cat. The machine never gets tired or forgets to clean up after your cats, so your house should never stink and your cats should never have to use a filthy bathroom. All you have to do is empty the tray periodically - the machine does the rest. There’s a sensor inside that activates the machine when your cat leaves, causing the automatic rake to pass through the litter, collecting the clump of waste and depositing it in a covered tray. The PetSafe ScoopFree Automatic Hooded Cat Litter Box takes that worry out of your hands because it will handle the scooping for you. The worst part about having multiple cats is having to clean the litter box more often than usual. The Frisco High-Sided isn’t perfect, but you’ll be hard-pressed to find anything better at a comparable price. It’s so big, though, that it can weigh a ton when it’s full of litter, so moving it can be a (literal) pain. The lack of a lid will let odors escape, but it also makes it easy for you to get in and scoop up messes as they happen, keeping the bathroom clean for all occupants. The front wall is low enough that it’s easy for cats to get in and out, making it a solid choice for senior kitties. Despite the low price, the plastic is thick and durable, so it should last for quite a while. The simplicity of the design keeps the price down, making this the best litter box for multiple cats for the money. However, while those walls are designed to keep litter from flying out while your cat scratches, they also make this large litter box perfect for tending to multiple cats. The Frisco High-Sided Cat Litter Box, Extra Large is nothing special to look at - it’s just a giant pan with tall side walls. That’s a small price to pay for such a superb litter box, though, and it’s certainly not enough to knock the Catit Jumbo out of the top spot. The only issue is that you’ll need to keep plenty of litter inside, as waste will stick to the sides and bottom like glue. Putting it together only takes a few seconds, so it doesn’t require an engineering degree to provide your cats with a top-notch bathroom. The hood comes completely off, allowing you to clean it without contorting yourself into a pretzel in the process. There’s a carbon-impregnated filter on top that helps trap noxious smells as well.Ĭleaning it is a breeze, thanks to the built-in anchor that keeps the bag open while you scoop messes into it. The swinging hood gives any cat inside plenty of privacy while they do their business, and it also does a good job of containing odors after they leave. However, it’s excellent at what it does, and that’s all we cared about when naming it the best overall litter box for multiple cats. The Catit Jumbo Hooded Cat Litter Pan may be a surprising choice for the top spot on this list, given that it’s an affordable and no-frills option. 7/24/2023 0 Comments French grey pool plaster colorsIt is still there IF the installers are not top notch and the above links were not followed.Ģ. Now I am going to try to go done your list:ġ.Lighter colored plaster does not SHOW the streaking/mottling/blotchiness as much as the darker colors. Not All Color Pigments are Good for Pools How to pick a good color for plaster. Ten Guidelines for Quality Pool Plaster Best one of all Here are some links to help you get the best plaster job you can no matter what color you end up getting: Can you actually see the multi-colored 'bits' in either Quartzscapes or Colorscapes in the installed finish? Just on the shallow steps? To a few feet depth? Or does it read as simply an overall color? Do the Colorscapes "ceramic coated color quartz crystals" strengthen or add longevity to the pool finish in the way that adding quartz does to a pool?ĥ. Is this an option with both finishes? Any way to get a handle on what the end result will be of adding more colored crystals to any particular pre-mix? And would adding more crystals to a white/not pigmented plaster be the way to get a deeper water color with less chance for obvious mottling (Question 1 above)?Ĥ. On their website it says that "adding a higher percentage of colored ceramic quartz crystals can bring dramatic depth to the water color." I understand this.in theory. Does this mean that the reflections line is not really it's own line, but is just something to be added into one of the other finishes they offer?ģ. Quartzscapes Reflections: Their website says "add a sprinkle of sparkle to any pool finish." OK. First off, is this accurate: If I go with a white/not color-pigmented/enhanced base color, not a darker blue or gray, do I have less of a chance of seeing the mottling/blotchiness that seems to be present in the darker base color choices? I would like a darker shade of water, but if it means less chance of problems appearing, I may change my mind to go with one of the lighter colors.Ģ. All of these questions pertain to NPT Quartzscapes and Colorscapes.ġ. I can't seem to find reliable answers to the following questions, and I hope someone here can help me out. I now need to decide on the interior finish. We (think we are) planning to glass tile the sun shelf, the water line, and the rise of the connected hot tub. Added a large sun shelf, raised the depth, added seating. 7/24/2023 0 Comments Helio gracie vs bruce leeMMA promoters were pressured to adopt additional rules to increase competitors' safety, to comply with sport regulations and to broaden mainstream acceptance of the sport. Later, individual fighters incorporated multiple martial arts into their style. Originally promoted as a competition to find the most effective martial arts for real unarmed combat, competitors from different fighting styles were pitted against one another in contests with relatively few rules. The company held an event with almost no rules, mostly due to the influence of Art Davie and Rorion Gracie attempting to replicate Vale Tudo fights that existed in Brazil and would later implement a different set of rules (example: eliminating kicking a grounded opponent), which differed from other leagues which were more in favour of realistic, street like fights. In the 1990s, the Gracie family brought their Brazilian jiu-jitsu style, first developed in Brazil from the 1920s, to the United States – which culminated in the founding of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) promotion company in 1993. Inoki exhibition bout (which ended in a draw after 15 rounds), fought between boxer Muhammad Ali and wrestler Antonio Inoki in Japan, where it later inspired the foundation of Shooto in 1985, Pancrase in 1993, and the Pride Fighting Championships in 1997. Another precursor to modern MMA was the 1976 Ali vs. At the same time, in Brazil, there was a phenomenon called Vale Tudo, which became known for unrestricted fights between various styles such as Judo/ Brazilian jiu-jitsu, catch wrestling/ Luta Livre, Muay Thai, and Capoeira. ĭuring the early 20th century, various interstylistic contests took place throughout Japan and in the countries of the Four Asian Tigers. The first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993. Mixed martial arts ( MMA) is a full-contact combat sport based on striking, grappling and ground fighting, incorporating techniques from various combat sports from around the world. International Mixed Martial Arts Federation Shane Carwin, main event of UFC 131 in Vancouver in 2011 7/23/2023 0 Comments Anatomical phenomena definitionThese techniques can image the entire body with little distortion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are two modalities routinely used to scan cross-sectionally for various diseases in humans, and smaller versions are now manufactured for dedicated animal research. Today, however, three-dimensional computer modelling can provide morphological and anatomical information in a minimal-invasive and much faster fashion. The internal structures of the animal body can be difficult to visualise, and classic dissections require the unique combination of a researcher who is skilful, patient and endowed with appropriate artistic skills. Given that clinical scanners found in the majority of larger hospitals are fully suitable for these purposes, we encourage biologists to take advantage of these imaging techniques in creation of three-dimensional graphical representations of internal structures. The images have a similar quality to most traditional anatomical drawings and are presented together with interactive movies of the anatomical structures, where the object can be viewed from different angles. In this methodological review, we present our experiences using MRI, CT and μCT to create advanced representation of animal anatomy, including bones, inner organs and blood vessels in a variety of animals, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and spiders. These modalities also allow for creation of three-dimensional representations that can be of considerable value in the dissemination of anatomical studies. This rational comparison allows us to gain insight into the need for anatomically detailed arterial networks when addressing complex hemodynamic interactions.Īrterial function Blood flow Carotid occlusion Carotid steal Wave propagation.Animal anatomy has traditionally relied on detailed dissections to produce anatomical illustrations, but modern imaging modalities, such as MRI and CT, now represent an enormous resource that allows for fast non-invasive visualizations of animal anatomy in living animals. Differences are even larger when modifications of the vascular anatomy are considered. This agreement rapidly deteriorates for abnormal blood flow conditions such as those caused by total arterial occlusion. We conclude that physiologically meaningful agreement between models is obtained for normal hemodynamic conditions. Moreover, discrepancies between models are substantially accentuated in the case of anatomical variations or abnormal hemodynamic conditions. The anatomically detailed arterial network features improved predictive capabilities at peripheral vessels. Results show that detailed and simplified models are in reasonable agreement regarding the hemodynamics in larger vessels and in healthy scenarios. Mechanisms of blood flow delivery to the brain, as well as different blood flow steal phenomena, are unveiled in light of model predictions. Comparisons are performed under physiological conditions and for the case of common carotid artery occlusion. The comparison is performed quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of pressure and flow rate waveforms, wave intensity analysis and impedance analysis. To this end, results obtained with an anatomically detailed network containing over 2000 vessels are systematically compared with those obtained with an anatomically simplified network containing the main 86 vessels, the latter being a truncated version of the former one. The goal of this work is to assess the impact of vascular anatomy definition degree in the predictions of blood flow models of the arterial network. |