7/23/2023 0 Comments Anatomical phenomena definitionThese techniques can image the entire body with little distortion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are two modalities routinely used to scan cross-sectionally for various diseases in humans, and smaller versions are now manufactured for dedicated animal research. Today, however, three-dimensional computer modelling can provide morphological and anatomical information in a minimal-invasive and much faster fashion. The internal structures of the animal body can be difficult to visualise, and classic dissections require the unique combination of a researcher who is skilful, patient and endowed with appropriate artistic skills. Given that clinical scanners found in the majority of larger hospitals are fully suitable for these purposes, we encourage biologists to take advantage of these imaging techniques in creation of three-dimensional graphical representations of internal structures. The images have a similar quality to most traditional anatomical drawings and are presented together with interactive movies of the anatomical structures, where the object can be viewed from different angles. In this methodological review, we present our experiences using MRI, CT and μCT to create advanced representation of animal anatomy, including bones, inner organs and blood vessels in a variety of animals, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and spiders. These modalities also allow for creation of three-dimensional representations that can be of considerable value in the dissemination of anatomical studies. This rational comparison allows us to gain insight into the need for anatomically detailed arterial networks when addressing complex hemodynamic interactions.Īrterial function Blood flow Carotid occlusion Carotid steal Wave propagation.Animal anatomy has traditionally relied on detailed dissections to produce anatomical illustrations, but modern imaging modalities, such as MRI and CT, now represent an enormous resource that allows for fast non-invasive visualizations of animal anatomy in living animals. Differences are even larger when modifications of the vascular anatomy are considered. This agreement rapidly deteriorates for abnormal blood flow conditions such as those caused by total arterial occlusion. We conclude that physiologically meaningful agreement between models is obtained for normal hemodynamic conditions. Moreover, discrepancies between models are substantially accentuated in the case of anatomical variations or abnormal hemodynamic conditions. The anatomically detailed arterial network features improved predictive capabilities at peripheral vessels. Results show that detailed and simplified models are in reasonable agreement regarding the hemodynamics in larger vessels and in healthy scenarios. Mechanisms of blood flow delivery to the brain, as well as different blood flow steal phenomena, are unveiled in light of model predictions. Comparisons are performed under physiological conditions and for the case of common carotid artery occlusion. The comparison is performed quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of pressure and flow rate waveforms, wave intensity analysis and impedance analysis. To this end, results obtained with an anatomically detailed network containing over 2000 vessels are systematically compared with those obtained with an anatomically simplified network containing the main 86 vessels, the latter being a truncated version of the former one. The goal of this work is to assess the impact of vascular anatomy definition degree in the predictions of blood flow models of the arterial network.
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